Resumo Este artigo defende o ponto de vista de que as bases da ciência cognitiva contemporânea estão em sintonia com o pensamento de Merleau-Ponty, em seus aspectos antiobjetivista e antirrepresentacionalista. A ideia de representação mental é contestada, tanto na CC quanto no pensamento de Merleau-Ponty. A cognição não espelha um mundo exterior independente dos sujeitos incorporados. O mundo é um existencial, como afirmam Merleau-Ponty e a CC. A hipótese da representação mental supõe que o mundo pode ser percebido de forma (...) independente do sujeito que percebe. Isso não é verdade. A percepção depende da forma como o sujeito age em seu mundo percebido. Todas as estimulações que o organismo encontra só são possíveis pelos seus movimentos precedentes que resultam na exposição do órgão receptor às influências externas. Os estímulos sensoriais que o organismo encontra dependem diretamente do seu comportamento motor e a forma como o organismo se move depende diretamente das consequências sensoriais dos seus comportamentos anteriores.This article defends the view that the foundations of contemporary cognitive science are in tune with Merleau-Ponty’s thinking in its anti-objectivist and anti-representationalist aspects. The idea of mental representation is contested both in CC and in Merleau-Ponty’s thinking. Cognition does not mirror an outside world independent of embodied subjects. The world is an existential one as Merleau-Ponty and the CC say. The mental representation hypothesis assumes that the world can be perceived independently of the perceiving subject. This is not true. Perception depends on how the subject acts in his perceived world. All the stimulations that the organism finds are only possible by its previous movements that result in the exposure of the receiving organ to external influences. The sensory stimuli that the organism finds depend directly on its motor behavior and the way the organism moves depends directly on the sensory consequences of its previous behaviors. (shrink)

O principal objetivo deste artigo é ampliar o atual cenário teórico da área "Saúde Mental e Trabalho", de acordo com a filosofia de Henri Bergson e seus conceitos de percepção, cognição, duração, vida psíquica, tempo e subjetividade. Este texto teórico-filosófico objetiva esclarecer, sob um novo ponto de vista, as relações entre filosofia da mente e os atuais esforços em direção a uma teoria científica da cognição, com sua complexa estrutura de teorias, hipóteses e disciplinas. Há, neste artigo, uma nova abordagem (...) para compreender as ciências cognitivas contemporâneas, segundo um tipo de investigação fenomenológica iniciada pela fenomenologia de Husserl. Os métodos empregados foram revisão sistemática e adaptação dos conceitos de Bergson, e sua naturalização no atual contexto dos princípios epistemológicos e ontológicos das ciências cognitivas, para uma análise fenomenológica da relação entre trabalho e saúde mental. As atuais contribuições da Fenomenologia de Husserl foram usadas para compreender as relações entre saúde mental e trabalho. Há também referências à filosofia aplicada nas ciências cognitivas contemporâneas, baseadas na proposta teórico-filosófica de Bergson. The main purpose of this paper is to amplify the current theoretical scenario of "Mental Health and Work" area, according to the Henri Bergson's philosophy and his concepts of perception, cognition, duration, psychic life, time and subjectivity. This theoretical-philosophical article aims to shed new light on the relations between philosophy of mind and present-day efforts toward a scientific theory of cognition, with its complex structure of theories, hypotheses and disciplines. There is in this paper a new approach to understand the contemporary cognitive sciences in a kind of phenomenological investigation initiated by Husserl's phenomenology. The methods employed were the systematic review and adaptation of Bergson's concepts, and its naturalization in the actual context of epistemological and ontological principles of cognitive sciences, to phenomenological analysis of "work-mental health" links. The current contributions of the Husserl's Phenomenology were used to understand the relations between mental health and work. There are also references to philosophy applied in contemporary cognitive sciences based on Bergson's theoretic-philosophical proposal. (shrink)

GILBERT JEAN FACCARELLO (Paris, 1950) is professor of economics at Université Panthéon-Assas, Paris, and a member of the Triangle research centre (École Normale Supérieure de Lyon and CNRS). He is presently chair of the ESHET Council (European Society for the History of Economic Thought). He completed his doctoral research in economics at Université de Paris X Nanterre. He has previously taught at the Université de Paris-Dauphine, Université du Maine and École Normale Supérieure de Fontenay/Saint-Cloud (now École Normale Supérieure de (...) Lyon). He is a co-founder of The European Journal of the History of Economic Thought, which he co-edited for 20 years with J. L. Cardoso, Heinz D. Kurz, and A. Murphy. With Alain Béraud, he edited the Nouvelle histoire de la pensée économique (La Découverte, 3 volumes, 1992-2000) and, together with Heinz D. Kurz, he is presently editing a Handbook of the History of Economic Analysis (3 volumes, forthcoming with Edward Elgar). -/- EJPE interviewed Gilbert Faccarello about his research career in the history of economic thought, where he has focused especially on old and new classical and Marxian political economy, and French political economy during the 18th and 19th centuries. G. Faccarello discusses his interest not only in the logical structure and context of the economic ideas of past thinkers but also the links between economic thought, philosophy, and religion. (shrink)

An attempt to analyse what it is for belief to be based on reasons becomes involved with questions about the goodness of reasons and the gettier examples. intuitions about knowledge and the "gettier effect" can be used to decide when reasoning has occurred and what reasoning there has been. explanation by reasons is not deterministic.

John Hawthorne’s marvelous book contains a wealth of arguments and insights based on an impressive knowledge and understanding of contemporary discussion. We can address only a small aspect of the topic. In particular, we will offer our own answers to two questions about knowledge that he discusses.

O objetivo deste texto é apresentar uma discussáo das noções de puniçáo no contexto da teoria utilitarista, destacando a possibilidade de que inocentes sejam qualificados como descartáveis ou sirvam como meio aos interesses sociais. O texto analisa, ainda, a teoria de H. L. A. Hart da noçáo utilitarista de puniçáo e de justificaçáo da puniçáo, ampliando o debate aos princípios de justiça de Rawls.

Here are some of the ways in which some philosophers and psychologists have taken the emotion of guilt to be essential to morality. One relatively central idea is that guilt feelings are warranted if an agent knows that he or she has acted morally wrongly. It might be said that in such a case the agent has a strong reason to feel guilt, that the agent ought to have guilt feelings, that the agent is justified in having guilt feelings and (...) unjustified in not having guilt feelings. It might be said that it would be immoral of an agent not to have feelings of guilt after realizing that he or she has acted morally wrongly or that only an agent with bad character would not have such feelings. (shrink)

Resumen. Filón en el tratado De vita contemplativa nos narra el devenir cotidiano de una comunidad filosófica judía, integrada por hombres y mujeres, que viven retiradamente en un poblado a las afueras de Alejandría, junto al lago Mareotis: los terapeutas. En este artículo pretendemos analizar el caserío del poblado mareótico, el tipo de construcciones que albergaron a esta congregación, sus características y su posible ubicación. Este estudio nos proporcionará un mayor conocimiento del medio en que desarrollaron su actividad contemplativa y (...) filosófica los terapeutas alejandrinos, y la relación de estas edificaciones con su propia vocación ascética y filosófica. (shrink)

Drawing on earlier work of the author that is both clarified and amplified here, this article explores the question: what is it for two or more people to intend to do something in the future? In short, what is it for people to share an intention? It argues for three criteria of adequacy for an account of shared intention (the disjunction, concurrence, and obligation criteria) and offers an account that satisfies them. According to this account, in technical terms explained in (...) the paper, people share an intention when and only when they are jointly committed to intend as a body to do such-and-such in the future. This account is compared and contrasted with the common approach that treats shared intention as a matter of the correlative personal intentions, with particular reference to the work of Michael Bratman. (shrink)

We might be convinced that the goal of relieving suffering offers a straightforward justification of sacrificing embryos in research. Or we might hold that although embryos merit our respect, the greater the good to be achieved by destroying them, the more respect must give way to research. Or, if we take the notion of respect seriously, we might find that relieving suffering is a real but not supreme imperative.

Positions in dialogic dispute are presented enthymematically. It is important to explore the position the disputant holds. A model is offered which relies on the presentation of a counter-example to an inferred missing premiss. The example may be: [A+J embraced as falling under the rule; [A-] rejected as basically changing the position; or, [R] rejected as changing the proffered missing premiss. In each case the offered model indicates the next appropriate action. The focus of the model is on uncovering the (...) position actually held by the disputant as opposed to identifying the "logically correct" enthymematic premiss. (shrink)

In this paper, I verify whether the Brazilian courts’ juridical discourse has any argument in favour of the equal right to marriage of the homosexuals. The jurisprudence is an outstanding place of analysis because we can know the way the courts interpret and apply the norms; it is also a place for the creation of an influent juridical discourse about the homosexual family rights. I identify as well the arguments for and against extending the family status to the homosexual couples, (...) and analyse if in these arguments there is any gender and sexuality stereotype. (shrink)

Geron recently announced that it had begun enrolling patients in the world's first-in-human clinical trial involving cells derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). This trial raises important questions regarding the future of hESC-based therapies, especially in spinal cord injury (SCI) patients. We address some safety and efficacy concerns with this research, as well as the ethics of fair subject selection. We consider other populations that might be better for this research: chronic complete SCI patients for a safety trial, subacute (...) incomplete SCI patients for an efficacy trial, and perhaps primary progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) patients for a combined safety and efficacy trial. (shrink)

Out of this book comes a clear definition of knowledge and insights into the strength and limitations of the mind.

Gilbert Ryle; Intelligence and the Logic of the Nature-Nurture Issue Reply to J. P. White, Journal of Philosophy of Education, Volume 8, Issue 1, 30 May 2006, P.

O texto apresenta a apropriação feita pela extrema-direita brasileira ao redor da obra de George Orweel, em especial, de '1984' e 'Animal Farm'. Argumentamos que a adjudicação 'conservadora' é inadequada para tal apropriação. Os intelectuais e editoriais implicados na circulação atual de Orwell nas redes bolsonaristas permite ver como clássicos do pensamento conservador ocidental são aqui canonizados em chave, mais que conservadora, reacionária. Além disso, o duelo de distopias empunhados pelos ideólogos da extrema-direita dá também acesso a uma indústria cultural, (...) na qual um sem-fim de produtos culturais são vendidos para forjar e cativar uma plateia potencial reacionária. (shrink)

Depuis des millénaires l'homme est à la recherche de ses origines. Hésiode montre que l'ordre doit remplacer le chaos et sa Théogonie est une première analyse d'un changement nécessaire. Zeus fait la guerre contre les manifestations du Chaos afin d'imposer sa propre conception de l'ordre ce qui revient à opposer l'intelligence et la Ruse à la Matière. Or, la prise de pouvoir par Zeus n'est que la preuve de ce que les mortels doivent entreprendre pour dominer leur vie, se conduire (...) en héros et mourir glorieusement. Ce dépassement de soi, organisé et encouragé, n'est qu'un choix humain projeté dans l'absolu du divin. Zeus apporte la justesse d'une solution au problème que pose l'existence. (shrink)

La déshumanisation à l’œuvre dans le projet génocidaire et l’héritage d’un tel événement traumatique entraîne une catastrophe de la transmission et de la filiation. S’ensuit une impasse des processus d’identification et de différenciation sur plusieurs générations. Dans cette contribution, on interroge la nature des obstacles entravant le processus de deuil, de séparation et l’investissement de la vie après une catastrophe sociale. Il s’agit pour cela de rendre compte du travail de subjectivation nécessaire à l’appropriation de sa propre histoire et de (...) celle de sa propre famille de manière à pouvoir engager un processus de séparation/différenciation. À travers une étude de cas, l’article montre la pertinence d’une rencontre clinique « médiatisée » pour la compréhension et la perlaboration du vécu traumatique d’une famille survivante qui vit entre-soi. Nous discuterons, en particulier, l’apport de la photographie comme une première tentative de figuration des affects et de mise au travail des processus intermédiaires garants de leur symbolisation. (shrink)

Este artigo tem como objetivo investigar a coerência entre as práticas pedagógicas, suas teorias, perspectivas e bases filosóficas, segundo o ponto de vista de estudantes de Pedagogia da Faculdade de Educação da Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais, Campus universitário de Belo Horizonte (FaE/UEMG-CBH), os quais encontram-se em estágio inicial de formação. A partir da premissa de que esses estudantes, ainda que com formação acadêmica padrão, quando da sua atuação, desenvolverão perfis e práticas pedagógicas diferenciadas, a questão que permeia a (...) pesquisa aqui apresentada é a seguinte: O que influencia essa diferença de perfis docentes em suas práticas pedagógicas? Metodologicamente, a pesquisa se caracteriza como um estudo de caso, com abordagem que conbina métodos de análise quantitativa e qualitativa de conteúdo, cujos procedimentos adotados foram a revisão bibliográfica e a pesquisa de campo, esta ancorada no instrumento questionário estruturado. Como aporte teórico, serão exploradas correntes filosóficas e teorias psicológicas de forma associada às perspectivas pedagógicas de cunho fenomenológico, comportamentalista e dialógico, as quais constituem o questionário aplicado e que diz respeito à pesquisa em si. Dentre os resultados obtidos, apesar de ter prevalecido uma suposta tendência dos sujeitos pela perspectiva dialógica, constatamos que diferentes estilos pedagógicos constroem a identidade pedagógica do docente, a qual não se restringe a um mero enquadramento generalista e exclusivo de um ou outra perspectiva pedagógica. (shrink)